Tingi Hills

SIETIPA04
Tingi Hills

Country: Sierra Leone

Administrative region: Northern (Province)

Central co-ordinates: 8.91810 N, 10.79845 W

Area: 402km²

Qualifying IPA Criteria

A(i)Site contains one or more globally threatened species, A(iii)Site contains one or more highly restricted endemic species that are potentially threatened, B(ii)Site contains an exceptional number of species of high conservation importance

IPA assessment rationale

This site qualifies as an IPA as it contains globally significant populations of twenty-four species that trigger criterion A(i), one species that triggers criterion A(iii), and six species that trigger B(ii).

Site description

The Tingi Hills IPA is situated in the north-eastern escarpment of Sierra Leone, along the eastern border with the Republic of Guinea. These hills form part of the Guinea Dorsale that extends from the Foula Djalon Plateau. Next to the Loma Mountains, the Tingi Hills are the second most prominent mountain range in the country. The highest point at this site is the Sankan Biriwa massif, which rises to 1705 m asl. This massif is the source of tributaries of two major rivers, the Sewa and the Mano, which descend the massif in a series of cascades and rapids. This IPA boundary closely aligns to the area of the Tingi Hills Non Hunting Forest Reserve (Protected Planet 2024).

Botanical significance

This IPA belongs to the Loma-Man Highlands phytogeographic region. The Tingi Hills IPA is a globally significant site for many species, including at least twenty-four threatened and six nationally endemic species. National endemics recorded at the site are all associated with submontane grassland and inselberg elements, including Afrotrilepis jaegeri (LC), Bulbostylis neocapitata (LC), Dryopteris amblyodonta (EN), Gladiolus leonensis (EN), Loudetia jaegeriana (NE) and Vernonia jaegeri (EN). The Tingi Hills show a strong botanical affinity to the nearby Loma Mountains IPA, which have been comparatively more extensively studied. A. jaegeri, B. neocaptata, G. leonensis and V. jaegeri are only found within Loma Mountains and Tingi Hills IPAs.
The Tingi Hills is the only place that the perennial grass, Schizachyrium penicillatum (EN), has been collected in Sierra Leone. It is also known from the Pita and Kindia Prefactures in Guinea, and there are also unverified records from southwest Burkina Faso (Cantiero & Cheek 2019). This IPA holds globally and nationally significant populations for this species. Despite having a broad ecological range, spanning both sandstone and granite habitats, this species has not been collected widely. Further research and targeted survey for this species is recommended.
Stonesia gracilis (Podostemaceae) has been recorded at the site (Morton, J.K.2933). This rheophytic herb is currently assessed as Critically Endangered based on its confirmed occurrence at a single site in Guinea (Cheek & Ouedraogo 2018) however, there is evidence that this species may occur more widely, including two locations in Sierra Leone and four in Guinea (van der Burgt pers. comms 2024). Considering the taxonomic det. of these specimens are valid, the conservation status of this species may be downgraded. Additionally, it is likely that threatened Podostemaceae occur at the waterfalls throughout Tingi, although S. gracilis is currently the only record of Podostemaceae there. Further investigation into this habitat at the site recommended.

Habitat and geology

This IPA falls within the Guinean Montane Forests ecoregion (Dinerstein et al. 2017). The vegetation of the Tingi Hills is comprised of submontane forest and submontane grassland interspersed by inselberg peaks and rolling hills. This gradually transitions into moist forest-savanna or gallery forest along drainage lines. The Tingi Hills is known to contain five rare and globally threatened habitats: Low-altitude evergreen forest and gallery forest, Submontane forest (500+ m), Submontane grassland (mainly 1000+ m), Threatened Podostemaceae habitat and Granite inselbergs.
Closed forests at the base of the hills are discontinuous and mostly secondary. Much of the predicted native vegetation on these lowland areas (evergreen and semi-deciduous forest) has been degraded due to agricultural practices and fire (Cole 1967). As a result, many moist forest species have been replaced by typical savanna trees in derived vegetation (Cole 1967). The southern portion of the site is relatively intact, featuring stands of dense primary forest (Global Forest Watch 2024), while the northeast exhibits a drier forest-savanna mosaic (Cole 1968). The open Guinea savanna vegetation on the eastern slopes contains fire resistant species such as Lophira lanceolata, Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus and tall grasses including Anadelphia leptocoma, A. tectorum and Hyparrhenia diplandra.
The tree composition of the gallery forests is similar to that of moist lowland forests, displaying a diverse canopy and abundant epiphytes. Dominant species include Amphimas pterocarpoides, Bombax buonopozense, Cola lateritia var. maclaudii, Entandrophragma utile, Odyendea gabunensis, Parinari excelsa, Piptadeniastrum africanum and Uapaca guineensis (Cole 1968). Gallery forests at higher altitudes at the site have a greater presence of tree ferns (Cyathea and Marattia) and bamboo thickets (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) (Cole 1967).
Closed forests transition to submontane forest at approx. 500 m a.s.l. (Couch et al. 2019). This submontane forest is characterized by a small number of lowland species that become more prevalent at higher altitudes, with dominant species including Parinari excelsa and Kotschya ochreata var. ochreata, alongside shrubs such as Droogmansia scaettaiana, Rosettea elliotii, and Pogospermum depauperatum (Cole 1968). Near grassland edges, fire-adapted shrubs like Syzygium guineense are more common (Cole 1968).
Annual fires play a crucial role in maintaining plant communities in submontane grasslands (Couch et al. 2019). At higher altitudes (~1200 m) the treeline ends abruptly and transitions into submontane meadows interspersed with outcropping inselberg domes. Dominant species in the submontane grassland include Ctenium newtonii, Hyparrhenia nyassae and Loudetiopsis chrysothrix, along with Gladiolus spp., Coleus lateriticola, C. lyratus, and Cyanotis longifolia, as well as Euphorbia depauperata, Thesium tenuissimum and Vernonia jaegeri (Cole 1968).
Inselbergs often appear desolate during the dry season, however in the wet season they are covered in vegetation of high diversity. Small-scale ecological alterations create a mosaic of plant communities, with nine distinct microhabitats identified on inselbergs in West Africa (Porembski et al. 1994, Muller 2007). The vegetation in ephemeral flush habitats is dynamic and rich in carnivorous plants and monocotyledons (Muller 2007). Inselberg domes are typically dominated by sedge communities, with tufted Afrotrilepis pilosa and the endemic orophyte Afrotrilepis jaegeri prevalent on these steep slopes (Cole 1968). Near the summit of Sankan Biriwa, other dominant species recorded include Loudetiopsis chrysothrix and shrubby herbs such as Melastomastrum capitatum, Coleus monostachyus, and C. pobeguinii (Cole 1968). On the less steep rocky slabs, saxicolous plants like Mesanthemum jaegeri, Gladiolus aequinoctialis, the orchid Polystachya microbambusa, as well as various lichens and mosses can be found.
The geology of the Tingi Hills is primarily felsic, dating back to the Archean (Williams 1978). The ancient gneisses at the site (part of the Earth’s early crust) were modified upon contact with the heat and magma from later granitoid intrusions. This interaction resulted in migmatitic margins at the site where the gneisses partially melted, leading to a gradational transition between the two rock types (Rollinson 2018). Such features are characteristic of the complex geological histories at the site involving multiple cycles of crustal melting and magmatic intrusion. The younger granites that form the inselberg formations at the site are comprised of both biotite and porphyroblastic granite, which are likely cogenetic, having formed from the same magmatic source and during the same intrusion event (Rollinson 2018). The soils derived from these parent rocks varies in composition across the site, with slopes generally exhibiting leached soils, while valleys retain relatively fertile conditions. Cambisols- less developed soils with moderate fertility- are predominantly found at higher elevations, while Acrisols- highly weathered, acidic soils with lower fertility typical of the tropics- are present in lowland areas (Poggio, L et al. 2020).

Conservation issues

The intensity of human activities varies across the site. Within the IPA land use categories include conservation, commodities (such as agriculture and mining), and small settlements (Dugbema, Bendu, Kiabgasima, Kenewa, Yarakonko, Dandu, Nelikoro, Gbeaia; Google Earth 2024). This IPA largely overlaps with the Tingi Hills No Hunting Forest Reserve, a protected area (PA) where the capture of animals is strictly prohibited and extractive activities, such as logging, are permitted only under stringent conditions (Forestry Division 2017). Currently, there is no management plan for this PA, nor are there actions in place to incorporate and monitor plant diversity at the site (FAO 2023).
The upper areas of the hills are lightly impacted due to challenging topography and limited road access. In contrast, the lowland regions have experienced significant tree cover loss over the past 20 years (Global Forest Watch 2024) and continue to face threats from human activities, including land clearing for agriculture and fire. Anthropogenic fires linked to slash-and-burn agricultural practices particularly threaten native vegetation not adapted to high-frequency fire, such as moist closed-canopy forests. Consequently, lowland areas have degraded, shifting in composition from moist deciduous rainforest species to derived savanna woodlands (Cole 1967).
The IPA is surrounded by several small villages that utilize the area for timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs); however, data on the extent of these impacts are lacking.
Mining, both small and commercial scale, poses a significant threat to the site. Bravura Mining (SL) Limited holds an active nickel exploration license over the northern half of the IPA (GoSL 2024). Although there are currently no active licenses, mining remains a potential threat, particularly to the lower portions of the site where inselbergs are concentrated. These habitats, predominantly formed of granite, are crucial for concrete production when crushed and are used in large infrastructure projects, including buildings, dam walls, and road construction (Couch et al. 2019). Small-scale mining activities have been recorded along the rivers at the southern end of the reserve along the rivers (Okoni Williams et al. 2001, Birdlife 2024).

Ecosystem services

This site provides critical habitat for numerous species, earning its designation as both an Important Bird Area (IBA) and an Important Plant Area (IPA). Notably, it is home to the endemic toad Bufo cristiglans (Birdlife 2024). While the IPA is utilized by local communities, specific details regarding these uses remain undocumented. The site serves as an important water catchment, offering essential ecosystem services such as erosion control, water quality and filtration. The Sankan Biriwa Massif of the Tingi Hills is a key catchment area for two major rivers in Sierra Leone: the Sewa and Moa. The Bafi, Moni, and Mansayi rivers are tributaries of two of Sierra Leone's seven main rivers. The Bafi originates from the western slopes, while the Mansayi arises from the southeastern slopes; both rivers flow southward and converge to form a tributary of the Sewa River. The Moni River, which originates in the northeast, flows into the Meli River, which runs along the eastern border of Sierra Leone as a tributary of the Moa River (Cole 1967).

Site assessor(s)

Assessed by:

Gabriella Hoban, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Xander van der Burgt, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Martin Cheek, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

IPA criterion A species

Species Qualifying sub-criterion ≥ 1% of global population ≥ 5% of national population 1 of 5 best sites nationally Entire global population Socio-economically important Abundance at site
Acalypha guineensis J.K. Morton & G.A.Lavin A(i) True True True False False
Anubias gracilis A.Chev. ex Hutch. A(i) False False False False True
Baccharoides nimbaensis (C.D.Adams) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord. A(i) True True True False False
Coleus pobeguinii Hutch. & Dalziel A(i) True True True False False
Dissotis leonensis Hutch. & Dalziel A(i) True True True False False
Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel A(i) False False False False True
Hypolytrum cacuminum Nelmes A(i) True False True False False
Rhytachne glabra (Gledhill) Clayton A(i) True True True False False
Schizachyrium lomaense A.Camus A(i) True True True False False
Schizachyrium penicillatum Jacq.-Fél. A(i) True True True False False
Xyris festucifolia Hepper A(i) True True True False False
Xysmalobium samoritourei Goyder A(i) True True True False False Scarce
Dryopteris amblyodonta J.P.Roux A(i) True True True False False
Gladiolus leonensis Marais A(i) True True True False False
Vernonia jaegeri C.D.Adams A(i) True True True False False
Loudetia jaegeriana A.Camus A(iii) True True True False False
Eriosema spicatum subsp. collinum (Hepper) J.K.Morton ex Verdc. A(i) True False False False False
Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague A(i) False False False False True
Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel A(i) True False False False False
Mesanthemum jaegeri Jacq.-Fél. A(i) True True True False False
Pavetta platycalyx Bremek. A(i) True True True False False
Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. A(i) False False False False True
Stonesia gracilis G.Taylor A(i) True True True False False
Strychnos melastomatoides Gilg. A(i) True False False False False
Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. A(i) False False False False True

Acalypha guineensis J.K. Morton & G.A.Lavin

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Anubias gracilis A.Chev. ex Hutch.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
False
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
True
Abundance at site:

Baccharoides nimbaensis (C.D.Adams) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Coleus pobeguinii Hutch. & Dalziel

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Dissotis leonensis Hutch. & Dalziel

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
False
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
True
Abundance at site:

Hypolytrum cacuminum Nelmes

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Rhytachne glabra (Gledhill) Clayton

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Schizachyrium lomaense A.Camus

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Schizachyrium penicillatum Jacq.-Fél.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Xyris festucifolia Hepper

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Xysmalobium samoritourei Goyder

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:
Scarce

Dryopteris amblyodonta J.P.Roux

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Gladiolus leonensis Marais

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Vernonia jaegeri C.D.Adams

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Loudetia jaegeriana A.Camus

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(iii)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Eriosema spicatum subsp. collinum (Hepper) J.K.Morton ex Verdc.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
False
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
True
Abundance at site:

Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Mesanthemum jaegeri Jacq.-Fél.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Pavetta platycalyx Bremek.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
False
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
True
Abundance at site:

Stonesia gracilis G.Taylor

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
True
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
True
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Strychnos melastomatoides Gilg.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
True
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
False
Abundance at site:

Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev.

Qualifying sub-criterion:
A(i)
≥ 1% of global population:
False
≥ 5% of national population:
False
1 of 5 best sites nationally:
False
Entire global population:
False
Socio-economically important:
True
Abundance at site:

IPA criterion C qualifying habitats

Habitat Qualifying sub-criterion ≥ 5% of national resource ≥ 10% of national resource 1 of 5 best sites nationally Areal coverage at site
Submontane grassland C(i) True False True

Submontane grassland

Qualifying sub-criterion:
C(i)
≥ 5% of national resource:
True
≥ 10% of national resource:
False
Areal coverage at site:

General site habitats

General site habitat Percent coverage Importance
Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest No value
Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest No value
Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers, Streams, Creeks [includes waterfalls] No value
Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers, Streams, Creeks No value
Savanna - Moist Savanna No value
Rocky Areas - Rocky Areas [e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks] No value
Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland No value

Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers, Streams, Creeks [includes waterfalls]

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers, Streams, Creeks

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Savanna - Moist Savanna

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Rocky Areas - Rocky Areas [e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks]

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Land use types

Land use type Percent coverage Importance
Nature conservation No value
Agriculture (arable) No value
Agriculture (pastoral) No value
Harvesting of wild resources No value
Residential / urban development No value

Nature conservation

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Agriculture (arable)

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Agriculture (pastoral)

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Harvesting of wild resources

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Residential / urban development

Percent coverage:
No value
Importance:

Protected areas

Protected area name Protected area type Relationship with IPA Areal overlap
Tingi Hills No Hunting Forest Reserve Forest Reserve (conservation) IPA encompasses protected/conservation area No value

Tingi Hills No Hunting Forest Reserve

Protected area type:
Forest Reserve (conservation)
Relationship with IPA:
IPA encompasses protected/conservation area
Areal overlap:
No value

Conservation designation

Designation name Protected area Relationship with IPA Areal overlap
Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve Important Bird Area protected/conservation area overlaps with IPA No value

Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Protected area:
Important Bird Area
Relationship with IPA:
protected/conservation area overlaps with IPA
Areal overlap:
No value

Management type

Management type Description Year started Year finished
No management plan in place No value No value

No management plan in place

Year started:
No value
Year finished:
No value

Bibliography

Porembski, S., Barthlott, W, Dörrstock, S. & Biedinger, N., 1994

Vegetation of rock outcrops in Guinea: granite inselbergs, sandstone table mountains and ferricretes – remarks on species numbers and endemism.

Flora, Vol 189, page(s) 315-326

Protected Planet, 2020

Protected Areas (WDPA)

Available online

Ayodele Cole, N. H., 1968

The Vegetation of Sierra Leone

Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., IItoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T, Ricketts, T. H. et al., 2001

Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity

BioScience, Vol 51, page(s) 933-938

Couch, C., Cheek, M., Haba, P., Molmou, D., Williams, J., Magassouba, S., Doumbouya, S., Diallo, M., 2019

Threatened Habitats and Tropical Important Plant Areas of Guinea, West Africa

National Minerals Agency Sierra Leone, 2024

GoSL Online Repository

Available online

BirdLife International, 2024

Important Bird Area factsheet: Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve (Sierra Leone)

Available online

Muller, J. V., 2007

Herbaceous Vegetation of Seasonally Wet Habitats on Insebergs and Lateritic Crusts in West and Central Africa

Folia Geobotanica, Vol 42, page(s) 29-61

Environment Protection Agency Sierra Leone, 2017

Sierra Leone's Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2026

Williams, H. R., 1978

The Archaean geology of Sierra Leone

Rollinson, H., 2018

The geochemical evolution of Archaean felsic gneisses in the West African Craton in Sierra Leone

Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol Volume 143, page(s) 28-39

Canteiro, C. & Cheek, M, 2019

Schizachyrium penicillatum

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Available online

FAO, 2023

Legal Study on Forests in Sierra Leone: Strengthening the forestry legal framework to address transboundary challenges and degradation trends in the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem

Poggio, L., de Sousa, L. M., Batjes, N. H., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Kempen, B., Ribeiro, E., Rossiter, D., 2020

SoilGrids 2.0: producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty

SOIL, Vol 7, page(s) 217-240

Dinerstein E, Olson D, Joshi A, Vynne C, Burgess ND, Wikramanayake E, Hahn N, Palminteri S, Hedao P, Noss R, Hansen M, Locke H, Ellis EC, Jones B, Barber CV, Hayes R, Kormos C, Martin V, Crist E, Sechrest W, Price L, Baillie JEM, Weeden D, Suckling K, Dav, 2017

An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm

Bioscience, Vol 67, page(s) 534-545

Cheek, M. & Ouedraogo, L., 2018

Stonesia gracilis

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Recommended citation

Gabriella Hoban, Xander van der Burgt, Martin Cheek (2025) Tropical Important Plant Areas Explorer: Tingi Hills (Sierra Leone). https://tipas.kew.org/site/tingi-hills/ (Accessed on 16/02/2025)