Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

A(i)Site contains one or more globally threatened species, B(iii)Site contains an exceptional number of socially, economically or culturally valuable species, C(iii)Site contains nationally threatened or restricted habitat or vegetation types, AND/OR habitats that have severely declined in extent nationally

Bugoma CFR qualifies as an IPA under criterion A(i) as it supports globally important populations of five taxa, including the Endangered Chlorophytum hirsutum and four Vulnerable taxa, and nationally important populations of four other woody taxa including two species of Entandrophragma. Under criterion B, Bugoma triggers criterion B(iii) as it contains 122 useful plants, equating to 11% of species from the national checklist and so exceeding the 3% threshold; it is also one of the 15 richest sites for useful species, ranking eighth. Finally, it qualifies as an IPA under criterion C(iii) as it is one of the five best sites in Uganda for the nationally Endangered habitat of Medium Altitude Semi-Deciduous Forest.

The Bugoma Central Forest Reserve (CFR) is located in Kikuube District of Western Region, Uganda, and occupies an area of over 400 km2 on the top of the rift escarpment to the east of southern Lake Albert. The reserve lies to the west of the Hoima-Kyenjojo road and is bounded in the south by the Nkusi River which drains into Lake Albert. Together with Budongo CFR, it represents one of two major forest blocks along the escarpment in an otherwise heavily transformed landscape and so it is of high importance for protecting the remaining biodiversity of the northern Albertine Rift.

Although impacted by encroachment and disturbance in some areas, Bugoma CFR remains one of the most extensive tracts of mid-elevation forest in East Africa (Davenport et al. 1996). Categorised as Medium Altitude Semi-Deciduous Forest, this habitat is Endangered nationally and whilst it is predicted to have previously been widespread in western Uganda, it is now largely limited to protected areas. Bugoma is one of the five best sites for this habitat nationally.

Bugoma is important for a number of range-restricted and globally threatened species for which this site can be considered a stronghold. The extensive forest areas are important for several globally Vulnerable species including the large forest tree Mimusops bagshawei and the rare epiphytic orchid, Ancistrorhynchus tenuicaulis. For the latter of these species, Bugoma is one of only two known sites nationally, the other being Ishasha Gorge in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. The Endangered herb Chlorophytum hirsutum, an Albertine Rift endemic only described in 2000, is recorded from forest margins and adjacent open habitats. That species was last recorded in Bugoma in 1905, but it has not been actively searched for since and suitable habitat remains widespread at the site. The reserve is also the only site within the Ugandan IPA network for the globally Vulnerable Fuirena pubescens var. abbreviata, a variety endemic to Uganda, occurring in moist open areas such as lake margins; as such, suitable habitat for this species is limited at Bugoma.

Surveys of the tree and shrub species in Bugoma were conducted in 1993 and, supplemented by historical records, yielded 257 species (Lwanga 1996). These surveys recorded several additional globally threatened species at the site but without specimens for verification, notably Balsamocitrus dawei (EN and endemic to Uganda), Aeglopsis eggelingii (VU), Cnestis mildbraedii (VU) and Rinorea beniensis (VU). These surveys and earlier records also highlight the importance of Bugoma for a number of timber tree species that are globally threatened or near-threatened by over-exploitation. These include several members of the Meliaceae (mahogany) family: Leplaea cedrata (NT), Khaya anthotheca (VU), Turraeanthus africanus (VU) and three species of Entandrophragma (two VU), for some of which Bugoma is considered one of the most important sites nationally. Lwanga (1996) also recorded a number of nationally range-restricted woody species in Bugoma CFR including Osodendron (formerly Cathormion) altissimum and Dialium excelsum, but these are globally threatened.

Bugoma is also a nationally important site for useful plant species, and is known to contain at least 122 species, equating to 11% of the national checklist of useful plants. The site is particularly important for species used in medicine, containing 101 (13%) species, and materials, containing 83 (27%) species. However, there are no useful species that are unique to this site within the IPA network.

Based on survey data for birds, mammals, Lepidoptera and trees, Bugoma CFR was ranked as the eleventh most species-rich site, the fifteenth highest for rarity value and the twelfth highest for overall biodiversity importance within the Ugandan Forest Reserve network (Howard et al. 2000). However, much of this was based on faunal data and there is likely still much to discover botanically at this site, particularly with regard to herbaceous and undershrub species. The forests of Bugoma are noted to be considerably richer for tree species than in surrounding corridor forests (Plumptre et al. 2010).

The primary habitat of Bugoma is medium-altitude semi-deciduous forest (medium-elevation deciduous forest in Langdale-Brown et al. 1964). Approximately half of the forest area is dominated by Cynometra alexandri (ironwood), whilst nearly 40% is “mixed forest” and the remainder is degraded or regenerating forest. The forest blocks are separated by extensive areas of Hyparrhenia, Pennisetum and Cymbopogon grasslands that occupy ca. 18% of the reserve area (Davenport et al. 1996).

The soils are mostly deep tropical red earths often lateritic. The site experiences two rainfall peaks in April to May and September to November, with annual rainfall being 1,100 – 1,350 mm (BirdLife International 2023).

Bugoma CFR was gazetted in 1932 and has been exploited since 1942 as a source of commercial timber, with several sawmills established in the twentieth century, although it is noted to be rather poorly stocked with good timber (Davenport et al. 1996). Timber extraction remains active and is an ongoing threat to the integrity of the forest if not carefully managed.

In a study using remote sensing data for the 30-year period 1985 – 2014, Twongyirwe et al. (2015) recorded a forest cover expansion of 0.5% p.a. within Bugoma CFR, although with some evidence of localised encroachment and disturbance some of which may be attributable to managed forestry. However, significant forest losses from outside of the reserve boundary were recorded over the same time-period with an overall forest cover loss of 10.7% in the wider Northern Albertine Rift landscape (Murchison Falls NP to Bugoma), including corridors connecting Bugoma to other forest patches that have previously been noted as of importance for biodiversity (Plumptre et al. 2010). This has resulted in Bugoma forest becoming more isolated, with little connectivity to other sizable forest areas. Expansion of small-scale farming and shifting cultivation are the major causes of forest losses around the reserve, and as these areas are exhausted the threat of encroachment into the reserve increases. This may be exacerbated by immigration into the area following the discovery of oil in the Lake Albert basin. Further, expansion of the Kyangwali refugee settlement site near the southwest portion of Bugoma in the late 2010s has also had an impact upon the reserve. The population of this site increased from ca. 37,000 in 2017 to over 128,000 by 2021, resulting in increased agricultural encroachment and tree cutting for firewood, charcoal and construction materials in the adjacent block of Bugoma CFR (Medius 2022).

Areas of commercial sugar and tea plantations and tobacco cultivation are also recorded along some borders (BirdLife International 2023), and in 2020 a 900 ha portion of the reserve was given over to sugarcane plantation, having been claimed by the kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara as ancestral land and subsequently leased to the Hoima Sugar Company Ltd (Okiror 2020). The resultant destruction of a large forest area is clearly visible on satellite imagery (Google Earth Pro 2023).

Bugoma CFR is a Key Biodiversity Area, triggered by four faunal species - three mammal and one bird species (Plumptre et al. 2017), including the highest recorded densities of the Endangered Nahan’s Francolin (Ptilopachus nahani) in Uganda (BirdLife International 2023). Lepidoptera are also noted to be particularly diverse at Bugoma (Davenport et al. 1996).

As an extensive area of largely intact forest and grassland habitat within an otherwise intensively agriculturalised landscape, Bugoma is a key refuge for biodiversity and the key provisioning, regulatory and supporting services that this provides. Given its position on the edge of the rift escarpment, this site is likely to be of importance for protecting soil and water resources and is also a significant carbon sink (Plumptre et al. 2010).

In addition to timber extraction both on a commercial and subsistence scale, some local hunting for bushmeat and harvesting of plants for medicines are noted at Bugoma, whilst the rattan Calamus deeratus was previously commercially exploited for furniture making but this has ceased (Davenport et al. 1996).

The site has some potential as an ecotourism destination but it is less accessible than the more famous Budongo CFR and so is not well visited at present.

Iain Darbyshire, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Sophie Richards, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

James Kalema, Makerere University Herbarium

Samuel Ojelel, Makerere University Herbarium

Florence O'Sullivan, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew